NARRATIVE TEXT, DESCRIPTIVE TEXT SPOOF TEXT

1. NARRATIVE TEXT

1. Definition :

                A narrative text is a story that is created in a constructive format that describes a sequence of fictional or non-fictional events.

                 A narrative is some kind of retelling, often in words (though it is possible to mime a story), of something that happened (a story). The narrative is not the story itself but rather the telling of the story -- which is why it is so often used in phrases such as "written narrative," "oral narrative," etc. While a story just is a sequence of events, a narrative recounts those events, perhaps leaving some occurrences out because they are from some perspective insignificant, and perhaps emphasizing others. In a series of events, a car crash takes a split second. A narrative account, however, might be almost entirely about the crash itself and the few seconds leading up to it. Narratives thus shape history (the series of events, the story of what happened).

2. Characteristics :

• Many based on common events from life

• Familiarity makes prediction easier

• Key vocabulary often known

• Simple vocabulary

• Cause and effect known

• Concrete, real concepts

• People oriented

• Dialogue makes text less concept dense

• Stories can have personal meaning

• May give insight for own life/interest

• Purpose is to entertain or share experience

• Chronological structure

• Simple concepts

• Familiar story types

3.example :

Orientation

Once upon a time lived a little girl named Snow White.  She lived with her Aunt and Uncle because her parents were dead. there

Complication 1

One day she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take Snow White.

Resolution

Snow White did not want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she decided it would be best if she ran away. The next morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and Uncle were having breakfast. She ran away into the woods.

Complication

Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and fell asleep.

Resolution

 

Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There they found Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said, “what is your name?” Snow White said, “My name is Snow White

Reorientation

 

Doc, one of the dwarfs, said, “If you wish, you may live here with us.” Snow White said, “Oh could I? Thank you.” Then Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story and Snow White and the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after

NOTE

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2. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

1. Definition :

Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like and to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

Description is about sensory experience—how something looks, sounds, tastes. Mostly it is about visual experience, but description also deals with other kinds of perception.

1.The Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text
   Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

 2.The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
  Descriptive text has structure as below: Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described. Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.

 3.The Language Feature of Descriptive Text 
  Using attributive and identifying process. Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group. Using simple present tense

2. Characteristics :

• Focus on specific participants

• Use of Attributive and Identifying Processes

• Use of being/having verbs

• Use of adjectives

• Frequent use of Epithets and Classifiers in nominal groups

• Use of simple present tenses.

Beyond the characteristics stated on, descriptive writing also consists of generic structure in range as:

1.       General statement

2.       Explanation

3.       Closing

The description text has dominant language features as follows:

1.       Using Simple Present Tense

2.       Using action verbs

3.       Using passive voice

4.       Using noun phrase

5.       Using adverbial phrase

6.       Using technical terms

7.       Using general and abstract noun

8.       Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

                                          

3. Example :

Borobudur

Borobudur is Hindu – Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.

Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular.

Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.

Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.

Example :

MONAS NATIONAL MONUMENT

Monas National Monument is a 132-meter tower in the center of Merdeka Square, Central Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, is the capital of the state. It symbolizes the struggle for Indonesian independence of our country. The monument consists of a 117.7 m obelisk on a 45m square platform at a height of 17 m. Towering monument symbolizes the philosophy of Lingga and Yoni. Resembles a phallus, or pestle mortar pestle and Yoni resembles rice or mortar, two important things in the tradition of Indonesian agriculture. Construction began in 1961 under the direction of President Sukarno, the first president of the us and the monument was opened to the public in 1975. It is topped by a flame covered with gold foil, and now the monument calls.

 

 

 

 

NOTE

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3. EXPOSITORY TEXT

1. Definition :

Expository text is a text that inform, explain, describe, or define the author’s subject to the reader.

Purpose: The expository paragraph is the presentation of information, opinions, or ideas. It exposes something about a topic. There are two types of expository paragraphs:

To explain facts or convey information , To persuade or argue an opinion

How To Write the Expository Paragraph:

Clearly state your point in the topic sentence.

Support your opinion with facts. (research)

Expect arguments by the reader against your opinion.

Summarize in a memorable way.

Signal Words and Phrases:

because, obviously, moreover, similarly, naturally, therefore

as a result, as you know, for example.

2. Characteristics

• Often about topics not known

• New information makes prediction harder

• Key vocabulary often new

• Cause and effect not known

• Abstract concepts

• Thing or subject oriented

• Facts make text more concept dense

• Explanations have impersonal meaning

• May have no relation to own life/interest

• Purpose is to explain or persuade

3. Example :

This family was a victim of a problem they could have avoided-a problem that, according to Florida park rangers, hundreds of visitors suffer each year. “Several times a month,” ranger Rod Torres of O’Leno State Park said, “people get scared and leave the park in the middle of the night.” Those people picked the wrong kind of park to visit. Not that there was anything wrong with the park: The hikers camped next to them loved the wild isolation of it. But it just wasn’t the kind of place the couple from New Jersey had in mind when they decided to camp out on this trip through Florida. If they had known about the different kinds of parks in Florida, they might have stayed in a place they loved.

Example of Descriptive Writing

Expository essays are written by students to demonstrate their knowledge and understanding of a particular topic.  For example, a student might use a descriptive pattern to emphasize the features and characteristics of a topic.  Sequential writing emphasizes the order of events, listing items in numerical or chronological order.  A writer might use a comparison or contrast pattern to emphasize the similarities or differences between two topics.  A cause and/or effect pattern shows the relationship between events, while a problem/solution pattern shows a different kind of relationship that discusses a problem and suggests solutions.  Variations of these patterns are sometimes used, as well as a combination of patterns to create an expository essay.

Example of Sequential Writing

Expository writing is intended to convey the writer's knowledge about a topic.  While different patterns may be employed to create the essay, every essay contains the same features:  the introduction, the thesis, the body paragraphs, and the conclusion.  The introduction is the first paragraph in the essay.  The introduction contains the thesis statement, one sentence that summarizes the main idea of the essay.  The body paragraphs follow the introduction and explain the main topics.  Lastly, the conclusion is the final paragraph that restates the main topics and and the thesis.  Every expository essay contains these features, in this order.

NOTE

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4. SPOOF TEXT

Spoof Text

Definition and Social Function of Spoof

Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.

Generic Structure of Spoof

1. Orientation
2. Events
3. Twist

Language Feature of Spoof

1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order

EXAMPLE :

Saved by stilts

The king wanted to test Abu Nawas’ smartness. So he invited Abu Nawas to the palace. “You want me, your Majesty?” greeted Abu Nawas. “Yes, you have fooled me three times and that’s too much. I want you to leave the country. Otherwise you will have to go to jail” said the king. “If that is what you want, I will do what you said” said Abu Nawas sadly. Then “Remember, from tomorrow you may not step on the ground of this country anymore” the king said seriously. Then Abu nawas left the king palace sadly.

The following morning the king ordered his two guards to go to Abu Nawas’ house. The guards were very surprised found Abu Nawas still in his house. He had not left the country yet. Instead leaving the country, Abu Nawas was swimming in small pool in front of his house. “Hey Abu Nawas, why haven’t you left this country yet? The king ordered you not to step on the ground of this country anymore, didn’t he?” said the guards. “Sure he did” answered Abu Nawas calmly. “But look at me! Do I step on the ground of this country? No, I do not step on the ground. I am swimming on the water” continued Abu Nawas.

The guards were not able to argue with Abu Nawas so they left Abu Nawas’ house and went back to the palace. The guards reported what they had seen to the king. The king was curious on Abu Nawas’ excuse not to leave the country. Therefore the king ordered his guard to call Abu Nawas to come to the palace.

Abu Nawas came to the palace on stilts. The king wondered and said “Abu, I will surely punish you because you haven’t done what I have said. You have not left this country”. The King continued “And now, look at you. You walk on stilts like a child. Are you crazy? The king pretended to be furious.

“I remember exactly what you said, Your Majesty” Abu Nawas answered calmly. “This morning I took a bath in the small pool in my house so that I had not to step on the ground. And since yesterday, I have been walking on this stilts. So you see, Your Majesty, I do not step on the ground of this country”. The king was not able to say anything.

(Adapted from S. Harianto’s Abu Nawas and King Aaron)

Generic Structure Analysis

Orientation: Introducing Abu Nawas and the King on the counteracts about leaving and staying in the country

Event 1: Abu Nawas was swimming on the pool

Event 2: Abu Nawas was walking on the stilts

Twister: Abu Nawas explained that swimming in the pool and walking on the stilts meant not stepping on the ground of the country

NOTE

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5. RECOUNT TEXT

1.      Definition of Recount

Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative

2.      Generic Structure of Recount

1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time

2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past

3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story

3.      Language Feature of Recount

• Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc

• Using chronological connection; then, first, etc

• Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc

• Using action verb; look, go, change, etc

• Using simple past tense

4.      Examples and structures of the text

Our trip to the Blue Mountain

Orientation     On Friday we went to the Blue Mountains. We stayed at David and Della’s house. It has a big garden with lots of colourful flowers and a tennis court.

Events  On Saturday we saw the Three Sisters and went on the scenic railway. It was scary. Then, Mummy and I went shopping with Della. We went to some antique shops and I tried on some old hats.

On Sunday we went on the Scenic Skyway and it rocked. We saw cockatoos having a shower.

Reorientation  In the afternoon we went home.

Example of Recount tex

Vacation to London

Mr. Richard’s family was on vacation. They are Mr. and Mrs. Richard with two sons. They went to London. They saw their travel agent and booked their tickets. They went to the British Embassy to get visas to enter Britain. They had booked fourteen days tour. This includes travel and accommodation. They also included tours around London

They boarded a large Boeing flight. The flight was nearly fourteen hours. On the plane the cabin crews were very friendly. They gave them news paper and magazine to read. They gave them food and drink. There was a film for their entertainment. They had a very pleasant flight. They slept part of the way.

On arrival at Heathrow Airport, they had to go to Customs and Immigration. The officers were pleasant. They checked the document carefully but their manners were very polite. Mr. Richard and his family collected their bags and went to London Welcome Desk. They arranged the transfer to a hotel.

The hotel was a well-known four-star hotel. The room had perfect view of the park. The room had its own bathroom and toilet. Instead of keys for the room, they inserted a key-card to open the door. On the third floor, there was a restaurant serving Asian and European food. They had variety of food.

The two week in London went by fast. At the end of the 14-day, they were quite tired but they felt very happy.

NOTE

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6. Explanation Text

 

What is Explanation?

1.      Definition and purposes of Explanation

Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say ‘why’ and ‘how’ of the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.

2.      Generic structure of Explanation

§  General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.

§  Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.

3.      Language Feature

§  Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc

§  Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc

§  Using passive voice pattern

§  Using simple present tense

4.      Examples and structures of the text

Making Paper from Woodchips
A general statement	Woodchipping is a process used to obtain pulp and paper products from forest trees.
	The woodchipping process begins when the trees are cut down in a selected area of the forest called a coupe.
A sequencedexplanation of	Next the tops and branches of the trees are cut out and then the logs are taken to the mill.
why or how something occurs	At the mill the bark of the logs is removed and the logs are taken to a chipper which cuts them into small pieces called woodchips.
	The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and other impurities.At this stage they are either exported in this form or changed into pulp by chemicals and heat.
	The pulp is then bleached and the water content is removed.
Closing	Finally the pulp is rolled out to make paper.

Example of Explanation Text

Tsunami

The term of “tsunami” comes from the Japanese which means harbour (“tsu”) and wave (“nami”). A tsunamigk is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or the sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale.

A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Such large vertical movements of the earth’s crust can occur at plate boundaries.

Subduction of earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunamis, and occur where denser oceanic plates slip under continental plates.

As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to regain its equilibrium, it radiates across the ocean like ripples on a pond.

Tsunami always bring great damage. Most of the damage is caused by the huge mass of water behind the initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising fast and floods powerfully into the coastal area.

NOTE

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7. Discussion Text

 

What is Discussion?

1.      Definition of Discussion

Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.

2.      Generic Structure of Discussion

§  Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed

§  List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue

§  List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point

§  Recommendation; stating the writer’ recommendation of the discourse

3.      Language Feature of Discussion

§  Introducing category or generic participant

§  Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc

§  Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however, etc

§  Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc

§  Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc

4.      Examples and structures of the text

Homework
Issue	I have been wondering if homework is necessary.
Statement of issue and Preview	I think we should have homework because it helps us to learn and revise our work. Homework helps people who aren’t very smart to remember what they have learned. Homework is really good because it helps with our education.
Statement of various viewpoints	But, many times, doing homework is not a great idea. I think we shouldn’t have homework because I like to go out after school to a restaurant or the movies. Sometimes homework is boring and not important. I think homework is bad because I like to play and discuss things with my family.

EXAMPLE :

Discussion Text: Pros and Cons on Anti Smoking Law no smoking

The pros and cons on anti smoking law or "smoking is forbidden" is still being discussed in our country. The issue is not new. It is only a small part of the anti-smoking wave which has been promoted for more than 50 years. Arguments for anti-smoking are abundant. Some of them such as: smoking is a slow suicide and makes other people passive smokers who has same impacts in term of health. Furthermore smoking invites death and impotence, causing tuberculosis, lung damage, stomach injury, liver and heart damage and cancer. In social interaction, cigarettes make smoker smelly, weak, thin and poor. Moreover, cigarette smoke contains around 4,000 chemicals causing air pollution. However, smokers have a self-defense argument. They say that smoking helps thinking, spurs creativity, calms the nerves, eliminates fatigue and grief, is social, invites chumminess and healthy emotions. Criticizing regulations, smokers argue that the anti-smoking law is unjust, inhumane, violates privacy, restricts expression and is discriminatory. The anti-smoking regulation is siding with one and denying the other at the same time. The two sides are equally strong. It is impossible to disregard either. Is smoking or not smoking a matter of personal choice?

NOTE

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Report Text

1.      Definition of Report

Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis

2.      Generic Structure of Report

1.      General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general

2.      Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials

3.      Language Feature of Report

•         Introducing group or general aspect

•         Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc

•         Using simple present tense

4.      Examples and structures of the text

THE PELICAN REPORT
General Clasification	The white pelican is one of the most successful fish-eating birds.
Description	The success is largely due to its command hunting behaviour. A group, perhaps two dozen birds, will gather in a curved arc some distance offshore. The birds then begin to move forward towards the shore, beating the water furiously with their wings, driving the fish before them. When the water is shallow enough for the birds to reach the fish, the formation breaks up as each bird dips its bill into the water to scoop up its meal. As the bird lifts its head, the water drains from its bill leaving the fish which are then swallowed. Pelicans are among the oldest group of birds, Fossils of this genus have been found dating back 40 million years.

Giant lizards 

EXAMPLE

  Do you know what that Komodo dragons are the largest lizards ? . He lives in bushes and forests of Indonesian islands some of his . Komodo dragons are the world's heaviest lizard , weighing 152 pounds or more . The largest Komodo ever measured more than 10 feet 3 meters and weighing 166 kg but the average size of komodo in the wild about 8 feet 2.5 meters long and 91 kg Komodo has gray scaly skin , a pointed snout , powerful limbs and a very strong muscular tail . They use their keen sense of smell to locate decaying animal remains from several miles away . They also hunt other lizards as well as large mammals and are sometimes cannibalistic . Dragons teeth are almost completely covered by its gums are great . When it feeds , the gums bleed , creating an ideal culture for the virulent bacteria . Bacteria that live in the Komodo dragon saliva causes septicemia , or blood poisoning to humans , the victims . A dragon will bite its prey , then follow until the animal is too weak to continue . This lizard species is threatened by hunting , loss of prey species and habitat loss . dragons are animals in Indonesia in Sumatra . one is a miracle in Indonesia . we should be proud of our country Indonesia 

NOTE

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Analytical Exposition Text

 

What is Analytical Exposition?

1.       Definition of Analytical Exposition

Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.

1.       2.      Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition

§  Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position

§  Argument 1: Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position

§  Argument 2: Explaining the other arguments support the writer’s position more

§  Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position

1.       3.      Language Features of Analytical Exposition

§  Using relational process

§  Using internal conjunction

§  Using causal conjunction

§  Using Simple Present Tense

1.       4.      Examples and structures of the text

Cars should be banned in the city
Thesis	Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.
Arguments	Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world.Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illnesses such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them. Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrians in the city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers. Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone.
Reiteration	In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed.

EXAMPLE :

"THE MAGIC POWER OF MUSIC"

by Benrihany.

i personally think that music is one of the most important thing in our life. music is a part of our life. music is completing our day. music is the most faithful best friend and music is always willing to fill your loneliness. so, music has a magical powers. i do believe that. why? here are some reasons why music is heard in everywhere and anywhere..

firstly, music is a way to express our feelings. when you fall in love, heartbroken, happy, mourning, loneliness, cheerful, just all kinds of feelings can be expressed through music.

besides music can express feelings, music can even change the feeling. when you are desperate and sad, and then you hear a song that is cheerful and motivate you, then you come back feeling optimistic and uplifting. how magical music is!

second, music can unite people for a cause and changes the world. A song with good lyric and striking deep chord can stimulate the universal feeling of all people. We can see it in the case of the famous and legendary MJ's Heal the World. It can arouse humanism of a lot people in this world.

third, as an unstable teenager, who has a lot of problems with love or lessons, you must urgently need friends to share and want to hear your story. at the moment no one can accompany you, music can replace a friend to fill the loneliness. and it was enough to work!

the other reaosn as long as you know, Song can help to memorize the last experiences. A favorite song is a powerful documentary. People with Alzheimer which are impaired the brain would remember details about songs they were familiar with. For example, an elderly woman who couldn’t even remember her husband’s name would remember the details of her favorite song; when it was played, how it made her feel and things about the song that made it especially memorable for her.

so, how would the world be without music, guys? it'll lonely, no colours, no cheerfullness, we need melody, songs, music!

NOTE

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News Item Text

 

1.       1.      Definition of News Item

News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.

1.       2.      Generic Structure of News Item

1. Main event

2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place)

3. Resource of information

1.       3.      Language Feature of News Item

1. Focusing on circumstances

2. Using material process

1.       4.      Examples and structures of the text

Town ‘Contaminated
Newsworthy events	Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.
Background Events	Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock.
	The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered  up by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.
Sumber InformasiSources	A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.

EXAMPLE :

Indonesian Maid in HK Court after Having Sex

A 45-year old Indonesian maid admitted having sex with her Hong Kong employer’s 14-year old son after watching internet porn together.

The maid is a divorcee and a mother of two children. The maid, named Suwartin, had worked with the boy family for 11 years.

A court heard how the maid had sex with the boy in relationship that lasted five months. The boy tried to end the affair but she refused. The teenager eventually confessed to the relationship to the leader of Christian group he belonged to.

Then the maid was arrested. She pleaded guilty to five charges of committing an indecent act with underage partner. She will be sentenced in two week’s time.

She later apologized and said that she would live with the shame of what she had done for the rest of life. “She had acted out of loneliness” the maid’s lawyer said.

(Adapted from Reuters, Hong Kong, May 6, 2008)

Generic Structure Analysis

News worthy event: Indonesian maid court and admitted having sex with her young employer

Background event: The maid is a divorcee. She had worked in the boy family for 11 years. She had relationship the boy for five months. She apologized and felt guilty

Source: The maid lawyer said that the maid had acted out of loneliness

Hortatory Exposition

1.       1.      Definition of Hortatory Exposition

Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way.

1.       2.      Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition

1. Thesis

2. Arguments

3. Recommendation

1.       3.      Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition

1. Focusing on the writer

2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc

3. Using action verb

4. Using thinking verb

5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc

6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc

7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc

8. Using passive voice

9. Using simple present tense

1.       4.      Examples and structures of the text

Thesis

In all discussion over the removal of lead from petrol ( and the atmosphere), there doesn’t seem to have been any mention of the diffence between driving in the city and in the country.

Arguments

While I realise my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I drive, I feel that when you travel through the country,where you only see another car every five to ten minutes,the problem is not as severe as when traffic is concentrated on city roads.Those who want to penalise older , leaded petrol vehicles and their owners donn’t seem to appreciate thet in the country there is no public transport to fall back

Indonesian People Should Value All the Different Culture to Promote Unity of the Nation

Indonesia is a culturally-diverse country. Many different religions and cultures from many provinces are now seen living side by side in many places. One of the biggest questions facing Indonesian today is how to deal with a culturally diverse citizenry and then promote unity.

Therefore, Indonesians should appreciate differences among culture for the following reasons. Firstly, Indonesia is vulnerable to separation for its archipelago and culture diversity. Raising tolerance among people is the best way to maintain the unity among differences. Many ways or cultures of living are equally legal, even if they are not regarded as normal by some people. If a society claims to be tolerant of personal choice, then it must respect the personal choice to retain their heritage. Then, unity of the nation can be preserved.

Secondly, Indonesians must recognize that every culture has different customs and beliefs. Thus, people are forbidden to make judgments of comparative value, for it is measuring something unmeasured. A plurality of nations, especially in the modern era, can allow for cultural development and cultural exchange that benefits both parties. The cross-cultural understanding among cultures makes the world a better place and preserves the unity of the nation.

Lastly, raising nationalism is one way to preserve unity of the nation. It is a sense of fellow feeling between group members. This promotes cooperation and social cohesion within the group. The sense of social cooperation makes welfare, social security and medical programs much more likely and stronger.

Cultural differences are sometime a sensitive matter for people. Indonesian people must teach younger generation about the importance of the cultural identity and nationalism to promote unity of the nation.

Anecdote Text

Definition and Social Function of Anecdote

Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.

Generic Structure of Anecdote

1. Abstract

2. Orientation

3. Crisis

4. Incident.

Language Feature of Anecdote

1. Using exclamation words; it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc

2. Using imperative; listen to this

3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?

4. Using action verb; go, write, etc

5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward

6. Using simple past tense

EXAMPLE :

Misunderstanding*

Taking the wrong assumption? This is very abashed. Actually I was so embarrassed about this incident. I think many people will laugh when they know it.

One day my brother and I were watching television at home. suddenly there were many people brought many chairs from my neighbor's house and I saw it. At that moment I was afraid and I said to my father about this incident. My father run and said, "Thief...thief...thief.... catch them!" but suddenly he stopped. In fact the people were not thieves because one of them is my uncle. My father said to me, "Oh ... no Hen, He is your uncle. it is terrible".

After that my father chatted with my uncle. I was so embarrassed to them. I was not brave to go out. Then my father talked to me. I just laughed and was afraid. My mother laughed after listening this story and she told me, "That is funny, Henny".

When I meet my uncle, I feel shy to him because I always remember this incident. I hope my uncle forget it and I will not be shy anymore.

This experience was so funny in my life. I take the wrong assumption about someone whom I called as a thief. May be because of night, I could not see clearly. I always remember it and I do not forget it. I think this experience can be a lesson for me.